Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a blood test that separates and analyzes different types of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. This test helps diagnose hemoglobinopathies, genetic disorders that affect the structure or production of hemoglobin. Conditions like sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and other less common hemoglobin disorders can be identified through hemoglobin electrophoresis. Its often used as a screening tool for newborns and adults at risk for these disorders.