SERUM ALBUMIN IS A PROTEIN PRODUCED BY THE LIVER THAT PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING FLUID BALANCE IN THE BODY. IT HELPS TO RETAIN FLUID IN THE BLOOD VESSELS, PREVENTING IT FROM LEAKING INTO SURROUNDING TISSUES. LOW LEVELS OF SERUM ALBUMIN, A CONDITION KNOWN AS HYPOALBUMINEMIA, CAN BE INDICATIVE OF VARIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS, INCLUDING LIVER DISEASE, KIDNEY DISEASE, MALNUTRITION, AND CERTAIN INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS. MEASURING SERUM ALBUMIN LEVELS CAN BE HELPFUL IN DIAGNOSING AND MONITORING THESE CONDITIONS.

LDH IS AN ENZYME FOUND IN VARIOUS TISSUES THROUGHOUT THE BODY, INCLUDING THE HEART, LIVER, SKELETAL MUSCLE, KIDNEYS, AND RED BLOOD CELLS. IT IS INVOLVED IN THE BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION. WHEN TISSUES ARE DAMAGED OR DISEASED, LDH LEVELS IN THE BLOOD CAN INCREASE. ELEVATED LDH LEVELS CAN BE A SIGN OF CONDITIONS SUCH AS HEART ATTACKS, LIVER DISEASE, HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, MUSCLE DAMAGE, AND CERTAIN CANCERS. HOWEVER, IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT ELEVATED LDH LEVELS ALONE MAY NOT BE ENOUGH TO DIAGNOSE A SPECIFIC CONDITION, AND FURTHER TESTING MAY BE NECESSARY TO DETERMINE THE UNDERLYING CAUSE.

Calcium, Serum is a blood test that measures the amount of calcium in your blood.Calcium is a vital mineral essential for strong bones and teeth, nerve function, muscle contraction, and blood clotting.Abnormal calcium levels can indicate various health conditions, such as bone diseases, kidney problems, parathyroid disorders, or thyroid issues.This test helps diagnose and monitor these conditions, as well as assess overall bone health.

PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS IS A TECHNIQUE USED TO SEPARATE PROTEINS BASED ON THEIR SIZE AND CHARGE. IN SERUM, THIS METHOD IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSING VARIOUS MEDICAL CONDITIONS. BY APPLYING AN ELECTRIC CURRENT TO A GEL CONTAINING SERUM PROTEINS, THEY MIGRATE AT DIFFERENT RATES DEPENDING ON THEIR SIZE AND CHARGE. THIS ALLOWS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF ABNORMAL PROTEIN PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASES SUCH AS MULTIPLE MYELOMA, LIVER DISEASE, AND CERTAIN INFECTIONS.

Beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) is a small protein found on the surface of most cells in the body. It is also present in the serum (the liquid part of blood). B2M is a component of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which play a crucial role in the immune system by presenting antigens to T cells. Elevated levels of B2M in the serum can be indicative of various conditions, including kidney disease, bone marrow disorders, and certain cancers.

The Complete Blood Count Advanced (CBC Advanced) test provides a comprehensive assessment of blood health by measuring various parameters of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It goes beyond the standard CBC by including additional markers like reticulocyte count, immature granulocyte count, and platelet indices, offering a deeper understanding of blood cell production, function, and potential abnormalities. This advanced test is valuable in diagnosing a wide range of conditions, including anemia, infections, blood clotting disorders, and certain types of cancer.

An Immunoglobulin E (IgE) serum test measures the level of IgE antibodies in your blood. IgE is an antibody primarily involved in allergic reactions. Elevated IgE levels can indicate allergies, such as hay fever, asthma, or food allergies. However, Its important to note that high IgE levels can also be associated with parasitic infections and certain immune system disorders.This test helps diagnose and manage allergic conditions, as well as investigate other potential underlying health issues.

IGG CONSTITUTES 80% OF TOTAL IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN SERUM. ELEVATION IS SEEN IN POLYCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION WHEREAS MONOCLONAL ELEVATION CHARACTERISES MULTIPLE MYELOMA. THIS ASSAY IS USEFUL FOR THE DETECTION AND MONITORING OF MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHIES & IMMUNE DEFICIENCIES.

IGA CONSTITUTES 15% OF GAMMA GLOBULINS IN NORMAL SERUM. DECREASED LEVELS ARE SEEN IN PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL DEFICIENCIES. MONOCLONAL ELEVATION OF IGA IS SEEN IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA & PRIMARY SYSTEMIC AMYLOIDOSIS. THIS ASSAY IS USEFUL FOR DETECTION AND MONITORING OF MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHIES AND PRIMARY OR SECONDARY IMMUNE DEFICIENCIES.

THIS ASSAY IN COMBINATION WITH SERUM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS AND IMMUNOFIXATION ELECTROPHORESIS YIELDS HIGH SENSITIVITY (99%) FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF PLASMA CELL DISORDERS (PCD). BASELINE MEASUREMENT IS OF MAJOR PROGNOSTIC VALUE AND ALLOWS QUANTITATIVE MONITORING OF PATIENTS WITH OLIGOSECRETORY PCD.

UREA, A WASTE PRODUCT PRODUCED BY THE LIVER WHEN PROTEIN IS BROKEN DOWN, IS MEASURED IN A SERUM UREA TEST. THIS TEST EVALUATES KIDNEY FUNCTION AS THE KIDNEYS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR FILTERING UREA FROM THE BLOOD. ELEVATED UREA LEVELS CAN INDICATE IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION, DEHYDRATION, OR OTHER CONDITIONS. ITS OFTEN USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH CREATININE TO ASSESS KIDNEY HEALTH AND DIAGNOSE KIDNEY DISEASES.