A Urine Examination Routine (URINE R / E) test is a comprehensive analysis of urine to detect various health conditions.It involves physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations.The test checks for substances like glucose, protein, blood cells, bacteria, and other components that can indicate problems with the kidneys, liver, urinary tract, or overall health.This routine test is essential for diagnosing infections, kidney diseases, diabetes, and other disorders, as well as monitoring overall health.

A progesterone, serum test measures the level of progesterone, a female hormone, in the blood.This test is primarily used to evaluate fertility, monitor pregnancy, and diagnose hormonal imbalances.Progesterone plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy, supporting the early stages of pregnancy, and regulating the menstrual cycle.Abnormal progesterone levels can indicate ovulation disorders, pregnancy complications, or other reproductive issues.

TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE) IS A HORMONE PRODUCED BY THE PITUITARY GLAND THAT REGULATES THYROID FUNCTION. IT STIMULATES THE THYROID GLAND TO PRODUCE THYROID HORMONES, WHICH CONTROL METABOLISM, BODY TEMPERATURE, AND HEART RATE. ABNORMAL TSH LEVELS CAN INDICATE THYROID DISORDERS SUCH AS HYPERTHYROIDISM (OVERACTIVE THYROID) OR HYPOTHYROIDISM (UNDERACTIVE THYROID). BY MEASURING TSH, HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS CAN DIAGNOSE AND MONITOR THYROID CONDITIONS.

THE LIPOPROTEIN (A) OR LP(A) TEST MEASURES THE LEVEL OF A SPECIFIC CHOLESTEROL-CARRYING PARTICLE IN YOUR BLOOD. HIGH LP(A) LEVELS ARE STRONGLY LINKED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF HEART DISEASE AND STROKE. UNLIKE TRADITIONAL CHOLESTEROL TESTS, LP(A) LEVELS ARE LARGELY INHERITED AND CANNOT BE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWERED THROUGH LIFESTYLE CHANGES OR MEDICATIONS. CURRENTLY, THE TEST IS PRIMARILY USED FOR ASSESSING CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN INDIVIDUALS WITH A STRONG FAMILY HISTORY OF HEART DISEASE OR THOSE WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED HEART PROBLEMS DESPITE NORMAL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS.

THE CA 19-9 TEST MEASURES THE LEVEL OF A SPECIFIC PROTEIN (CA 19-9) IN THE BLOOD. WHILE ELEVATED CA 19-9 LEVELS ARE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH PANCREATIC CANCER, ITS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THIS TEST ISNOT SPECIFIC TO PANCREATIC CANCER AND CAN BE ELEVATED IN OTHER CONDITIONS LIKE LIVER DISEASE, GALLBLADDER INFLAMMATION, OR EVEN SOME BENIGN PANCREATIC DISEASES. THEREFORE, CA 19-9 IS PRIMARILY USED TO MONITOR THE PROGRESSION OF KNOWN PANCREATIC CANCER, RATHER THAN AS A SCREENING TOOL. OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, SUCH AS IMAGING STUDIES, ARE CRUCIAL FOR CONFIRMING PANCREATIC CANCER.

SERUM MAGNESIUM IS A BLOOD TEST USED TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF MAGNESIUM IN YOUR BLOODSTREAM. MAGNESIUM IS AN ESSENTIAL MINERAL INVOLVED IN OVER 300 BODILY FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING MUSCLE AND NERVE FUNCTION, BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION, AND ENERGY PRODUCTION. ABNORMAL MAGNESIUM LEVELS CAN LEAD TO VARIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS, SUCH AS MUSCLE CRAMPS, HEART ARRHYTHMIAS, AND SEIZURES. A SERUM MAGNESIUM TEST IS OFTEN ORDERED TO DIAGNOSE OR MONITOR CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT MAGNESIUM LEVELS, SUCH AS KIDNEY DISEASE, MALNUTRITION, OR CERTAIN MEDICATIONS.

THE FOLATE SERUM TEST MEASURES THE LEVEL OF FOLATE (VITAMIN B9) IN THE LIQUID PORTION OF YOUR BLOOD. FOLATE IS CRUCIAL FOR VARIOUS BODILY FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION, DNA SYNTHESIS, AND CELL DIVISION. THIS TEST HELPS ASSESS YOUR BODYS FOLATE STATUS, IDENTIFY DEFICIENCIES, AND MONITOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPLEMENTATION OR DIETARY CHANGES.

HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) is a blood test that provides a snapshot of your average blood sugar levels over the past 2 - 3 months.It measures the percentage of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells, that has glucose attached to it.This test is crucial for managing diabetes as it helps assess how well blood sugar levels are controlled.A high HbA1c indicates poor blood sugar control and an increased risk of diabetes complications, while a lower HbA1c reflects better blood sugar management.

A total testosterone test measures the combined levels of both free and bound testosterone in the blood. This is the most common type of testosterone test and is typically used to assess overall testosterone levels. Its important to note that while total testosterone provides valuable information, it does not directly reflect the biologically active form of the hormone.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein produced by the fetal digestive tract and certain types of cancer cells.While elevated CEA levels can indicate various cancers, including colorectal, lung, breast, and pancreatic, Its not a definitive diagnostic tool. CEA testing is primarily used to monitor treatment response, detect cancer recurrence, and assess prognosis in individuals with known cancer.

URINE MICROALBUMIN/CREATININE RATIO IS A TEST THAT MEASURES THE AMOUNT OF ALBUMIN, A TYPE OF PROTEIN, IN A URINE SAMPLE COMPARED TO THE CREATININE LEVEL. ITS USED TO DETECT EARLY SIGNS OF KIDNEY DAMAGE, ESPECIALLY IN PEOPLE WITH DIABETES OR HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE. ALBUMIN NORMALLY SHOULD NOT BE PRESENT IN URINE, AND EVEN SMALL AMOUNTS CAN INDICATE KIDNEY PROBLEMS. THIS TEST IS MORE SENSITIVE THAN TRADITIONAL URINE TESTS AND CAN HELP PREVENT THE PROGRESSION OF KIDNEY DISEASE.

CA 15 - 3 is a blood test used to monitor breast cancer treatment and detect disease recurrence.It measures a protein called cancer antigen 15 - 3, which is produced by some breast cancer cells.Elevated CA 15 - 3 levels may indicate cancer progression or recurrence.However, Its not a diagnostic test for breast cancer, as other conditions can also cause elevated levels. CA 15-3 is most useful when combined with clinical assessment and other imaging tests.

THE DHEA-S (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) TEST MEASURES THE LEVEL OF DHEA-S, A STEROID HORMONE PRODUCED PRIMARILY BY THE ADRENAL GLANDS. 1 IT PLAYS A ROLE IN THE PRODUCTION OF SEX HORMONES LIKE TESTOSTERONE AND ESTROGEN. 1 THIS TEST IS USED TO ASSESS ADRENAL FUNCTION, DIAGNOSE CONDITIONS LIKE ADRENAL TUMORS OR POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS), AND INVESTIGATE EARLY PUBERTY OR ABNORMAL HORMONE LEVELS IN BOTH MEN AND WOMEN.

An Immunoglobulin E (IgE) serum test measures the level of IgE antibodies in your blood. IgE is an antibody primarily involved in allergic reactions. Elevated IgE levels can indicate allergies, such as hay fever, asthma, or food allergies. However, Its important to note that high IgE levels can also be associated with parasitic infections and certain immune system disorders.This test helps diagnose and manage allergic conditions, as well as investigate other potential underlying health issues.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a blood test that measures a specific type of protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. While standard CRP tests detect significant inflammation, hs-CRP is more sensitive, identifying even subtle increases. This makes it a valuable tool for assessing cardiovascular risk, as elevated hs-CRP levels have been linked to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke, even in individuals with normal cholesterol levels. However, Its important to note that hs - CRP alone cannot diagnose a specific condition and should be interpreted in conjunction with other risk factors and medical evaluations.

ZINC IS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT WHICH ACTS AS A CRITICAL CO-FACTOR IN VARIOUS ENZYME SYSTEMS AND IS REQUIRED FOR ACTIVE WOUND HEALING. ZINC DEFICIENCY OCCURS DUE TO LACK OF DIETARY ABSORPTION OR LOSS AFTER ABSORPTION. ZINC EXCESS IS NOT A MAJOR CLINICAL CONCERN. THE ONLY KNOWN EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE ZINC INGESTION IS INTERFERENCE WITH COPPER ABSORPTION LEADING TO HYPOCUPREMIA. THIS ASSAY IS USEFUL FOR IDENTIFYING THE CAUSE OF ABNORMAL SERUM ZINC. THIS ASSAY HELPS TO DETECT ZINC DEFICIENCY. ELEVATED SERUM ZINC IS OF MINIMAL CLINICAL INTEREST.

THE RHEUMATOID FACTOR (RF) TEST DETECTS THE PRESENCE OF AN AUTOANTIBODY (AN ANTIBODY THAT ATTACKS THE BODYS OWN TISSUES) IN THE BLOOD. RF IS AN ANTIBODY AGAINST THE FC REGION OF IGG, ANOTHER TYPE OF ANTIBODY.

ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) IS A PROTEIN PRODUCED BY THE DEVELOPING FETUS. IN ADULTS, HIGH LEVELS OF AFP CAN BE A SIGN OF CERTAIN DISEASES.TUMOR MARKER: AFP IS USED AS A TUMOR MARKER FOR CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER, PARTICULARLY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), WHICH IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LIVER CANCER. ELEVATED AFP LEVELS IN A PATIENT AT RISK FOR HCC (E.G., SOMEONE WITH CIRRHOSIS) CAN SUGGEST THE PRESENCE OF THE CANCER. GERM CELL TUMORS: AFP IS ALSO A KEY MARKER FOR DIAGNOSING AND MONITORING GERM CELL TUMORS, WHICH CAN BE FOUND IN THE TESTES AND OVARIES. PRENATAL SCREENING: AFP IS PART OF A PRENATAL SCREENING PANEL (THE TRIPLE SCREEN OR QUAD SCREEN) TO HELP DETECT BIRTH DEFECTS. ABNORMALLY HIGH LEVELS CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (LIKE SPINA BIFIDA), WHILE LOW LEVELS CAN BE A SIGN OF DOWN SYNDROME.

DETERMINATION OF TPO ANTIBODY LEVELS IS THE MOST SENSITIVE TEST FOR DETECTING AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE LIKE HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS (90%), IDIOPATHIC MYXEDEMA AND GRAVES DISEASE (60-80%). PRESENCE OF TPO ANTIBODIES IN SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING OVERT HYPOTHYROIDISM. THIS ASSAY HELPS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS AND SERVES AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL IN DECIDING THERAPY FOR SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM.

A Lipid Profile is a blood test that measures the levels of different types of fats (lipids) in your blood.It includes total cholesterol, LDL (bad) cholesterol, HDL (good) cholesterol, and triglycerides.This test helps assess your risk of heart disease and stroke.By understanding your lipid profile, you can work with your healthcare provider to manage cholesterol levels through diet, exercise, and medication if necessary.

APOLIPOPROTEIN A1 IS THE PRIMARY PROTEIN ASSOCIATED WITH HDL CHOLESTEROL. INCREASED CONCENTRATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. APOLIPOPROTEIN B IS THE PRIMARY PROTEIN ASSOCIATED WITH LDL CHOLESTEROL AND INCREASED LEVELS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. THE RATIO OF THESE TWO CORRELATES WITH THE RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.

THIS TEST MEASURES THE LEVEL OF HOMOCYSTEINE, AN AMINO ACID, IN THE BLOOD. ELEVATED HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS HAVE BEEN LINKED TO A HIGHER RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND CERTAIN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. ITS ALSO USED TO DIAGNOSE A RARE GENETIC DISORDER CALLED HOMOCYSTINURIA.

T3 & T4 ARE HIGHLY PROTEIN BOUND HORMONES WHICH CAN BE AFFECTED BY NUMEROUS FACTORS LIKE ILLNESS, MEDICATIONS AND GENETIC FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PROTEIN BINDING. THEREFORE IT IS USEFUL TO MEASURE THE FREE OR UNBOUND HORMONE LEVELS WHICH CORRESPOND TO THE BIOLOGICALLY AVAILABLE HORMONE POOL.

THIS ASSAY IS USED TO ASSESS RISK OF DEVELOPING DIABETES AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.

Kidney Function Tests (KFTs) evaluate how well your kidneys are filtering waste products from your blood. These tests typically include measurements of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and electrolytes. By assessing these values, healthcare providers can identify potential kidney problems, monitor kidney disease progression, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. KFTs are crucial for individuals with diabetes, high blood pressure, or a family history of kidney disease.

IRON STUDIES WITHOUT FERRITIN TYPICALLY INCLUDE MEASUREMENTS OF SERUM IRON, TOTAL IRON BINDING CAPACITY (TIBC), AND TRANSFERRIN SATURATION. THESE TESTS PROVIDE VALUABLE INFORMATION ABOUT THE BODYS IRON STORES AND HOW EFFICIENTLY IRON IS TRANSPORTED. WHILE FERRITIN IS A MORE SENSITIVE INDICATOR OF IRON STORAGE, THESE TESTS CAN STILL HELP DIAGNOSE IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA OR IRON OVERLOAD IN CERTAIN CASES. HOWEVER, A COMPLETE PICTURE OF IRON STATUS OFTEN REQUIRES ADDITIONAL TESTING, INCLUDING FERRITIN LEVELS.

THIS TEST MEASURES THE LEVEL OF CORTISOL, A STRESS HORMONE, IN A SINGLE BLOOD SAMPLE TAKEN AT A RANDOM TIME. WHILE A SINGLE READING ISNOT VERY SPECIFIC, IT CAN BE USED AS A SCREENING TOOL. FOR EXAMPLE, A VERY HIGH LEVEL MIGHT SUGGEST CUSHINGS SYNDROME.

A VITAMIN B12 TEST MEASURES THE AMOUNT OF VITAMIN B12 IN YOUR BLOOD. VITAMIN B12 IS ESSENTIAL FOR RED BLOOD CELL FORMATION, NERVE FUNCTION, AND DNA SYNTHESIS. THIS TEST HELPS DIAGNOSE VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY, WHICH CAN CAUSE ANEMIA, FATIGUE, WEAKNESS, AND NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS. ITS OFTEN RECOMMENDED FOR PEOPLE WITH CERTAIN MEDICAL CONDITIONS, OLDER ADULTS, VEGANS, AND VEGETARIANS WHO MAY BE AT HIGHER RISK FOR DEFICIENCY.

A VITAMIN D TOTAL 25-HYDROXY TEST MEASURES THE LEVEL OF 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D IN YOUR BLOOD. THIS IS THE PRIMARY FORM OF VITAMIN D CIRCULATING IN THE BODY AND REFLECTS YOUR OVERALL VITAMIN D STATUS. VITAMIN D IS ESSENTIAL FOR CALCIUM ABSORPTION, BONE HEALTH, AND IMMUNE FUNCTION. THIS TEST HELPS DETERMINE IF YOU HAVE A VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, WHICH CAN LEAD TO BONE DISEASES LIKE OSTEOPOROSIS AND RICKETS, AS WELL AS OTHER HEALTH ISSUES.

FERRITIN LEVELS REFLECT IRON STOES IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. A LOW SERUM FERRITIN LEVEL IS AN INDICATOR OF IRON DEPLETION. THIS ASSAY IS CLINICALLY USEFUL IN DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (LOW LEVEL) AND ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE (NORMAL OR HIGH LEVEL). IT IS ALSO USEFUL TO ASSESS IRON OVERLOAD CONDITIONS LIKE HEMOCHROMATOSIS. FERRITIN IS ALSO AN ACUTE PHASE REACTANT.

THIS ASSAY IS USEFUL FOR EVALUATING HYPOGONADISM AND OLIGOMENORRHEA IN FEMALES. IT ASSESSES OVARIAN STATUS INCLUDING FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT FOR IN VITRO FERTILIZATION. IT EVALUATES FEMINIZATION INCLUDING GYNECOMASTIA IN MALES. THIS ASSAY FORMS A PART OF THE DIAGNOSIS AND WORK UP OF PRECOCIOUS AND DELAYED PUBERTY IN FEMALES. IT IS ALSO USEFUL IN MONITORING LOW DOSE FEMALE HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN POST MENOPAUSAL WOMEN AND FOR MONITORING ANTI-ESTROGEN THERAPY.

THIS TEST MEASURES THE LEVEL OF LIPASE, AN ENZYME PRODUCED BY THE PANCREAS, IN THE BLOOD. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: ELEVATED LIPASE LEVELS ARE A KEY INDICATOR OF PANCREATITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE PANCREAS), AS THE DAMAGED PANCREAS RELEASES HIGH AMOUNTS OF THE ENZYME INTO THE BLOODSTREAM.